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This invention concerns a catalyst which may be used in particular for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons to the corresponding unsaturated hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
A particularly interesting application of this invention consists in dehydrogenating straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons containing from 3 to 40 carbon atoms. The products obtained from the dehydrogenation of straight chain hydrocarbons constitute in fact a remarkable raw material for the manufacture of detergent compositions of the alkylaromatic sulfonate or sulfate type which are sensitive to biological degradation.
Another interesting application of the present invention consists in separating the dehydrogenation products and subsequently coverting them to long chain alcohols by OXO synthesis.
Another application of the invention consists of dehydrogenating naphthenic hydrocarbons containing from 3 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule and particularly naphthenic hydrocarbons having 5, 6, 7 or 8 bonds; during the dehydrogenation of these hydrocarbons, the naphthenes are almost entirely converted to aromatic hydrocarbons.
It is well known that the saturated hydrocarbons may be converted to unsaturated hydrocarbons by catalytic dehydrogenation. Many processes and catalysts have been elaborated for dehydrogenating n-paraffins to the corresponding olefins. A typical example consists in the dehydrogenation of n-butane to butenes, in the presence of a catalyst consisting of chromium oxide deposited on alumina. Among the other suggested catalysts, there can be mentioned those containing noble metals such as platinum and palladium deposited on a carrier such as alumina, silica or a combination thereof. These particular catalysts when used in the known processes, have been proved to result in an excessive formation of carbon or coke which is responsible for a quick decrease of the catalyst activity. Moreover, these catalysts initiate detrimental secondary reactions, such as cracking, aromatization and isomerization of the skeleton and production of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons such as dienes and trienes. As the desired product is generally a monoethylenic hydrocarbon, these secondary reactions reduce the efficiency of the process, so that the latter as well as the used catalysts appear as having a low economical interest.
The present invention has therefore as objects:
a catalyst and a process for dehydrogenating saturated hydrocarbons, whereby the undesirable secondary reactions such as cracking, aromatization and isomerization are very substanially minimized;
a catalyst and a process for dehydrogenating saturated hydrocarbons to monoethylenic hydrocarbons, with a minimium conversion to polyethylenic hydrocarbons;
a catalyst and a process whereby the saturated hydrocarbons may be dehydrogenated with a minimum coke formation, and with the maintenance of a very high catalytic activity over a very long period.
These objects are achieved according to the invention by the use of a catalyst containing (a) alumina (b) at least one metal selected from groups VI B and VII B of the periodic classification of the elements and (c) at least ome metal selected from groups III A, IV A and V A of the periodic classification of the elements, and optionally (d) at least one metal from group VIII of the periodic classification.
The metal from groups VI B and VII B of the periodic classification is selected from the group of metals consisting of molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium.
The metal from groups III A, IV A and V A of the periodic classification of the elements is selected from the group of metals consisting of gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth. The metal from group VIII of the periodic classification is selected from the group of metals consisting of platinum, iridium, palladium, ruthenium and rhodium.
The catalyst used will be a substantially neutral one, i.e. a catalyst whose neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption is lower than about 10 calories per gram of catalyst at 320.degree.C, and under a pressure of 300 mm of mercury.
The acidity of the catalyst has been determined by the known test of ammonia adsorption of the same type as that described for example in "Journal of Catalysis, 2, 211-222 (1963)": this method consists of heating the catalyst to 600.degree.C, under vacuum (0.01 mm of mercury) up to a complete gas removal (particularly for removing the water and the undesirable impurities): subsequently the catalyst is placed in a calorimeter at 320.degree.C, in which is introduced such an ammonia amount that the final pressure of the system attain 300 mm of mercury, and the heat evolved is measured.
The catalyst must therefore have a neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption lower than about 10 calories per gram of catalyst at 320.degree.C under a pressure of 300 mm of mercury (the neutralization heat of alumina used as a carrier is substantially identical, i.e., lower than 10 calories per gram of catalyst). The catalyst must also have a specific surface of about 20 to 150 m.sup.2 /g, preferably about 40 to 80 m.sup.2 /g; the pore volume of the catalyst will be, for example, about 0.4 to 0.8 cc/g, at least 75% of the porosity corresponding to pores of an average diameter from 100 to 500 angstroms (the specific surface and the pore volume of the alumina used as a carrier are thus substantially identical to the above-mentioned values).
The aluminae which can be used as carrier are not all equivalent, and it is preferred to make use of gamma alumina balls (for example tetragonal gamma). There can however be used also other alumina conglomerates such as extrudates or pills complying with the above mentioned conditions.
When the acidity of the alumina carrier is deemed too high, it can be decreased by adding, before or after the dehydrogenation elements, certain basic compounds or compounds capable of being decomposed under the conditions of the reaction to give basic compounds; as examples of such compounds there will be mentioned the oxides and hydroxides of alkali or alkaline earth metals, as well as carbonates and other salts of weak acids (acid dissociation constant preferably lower than 10.sup..sup.-3) of the same metals, for example sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium acetate, sodium nitrate or magnesium acetate. It is generally unnecessary to add more than 2 %, or even more than 1 % of basic compounds (by weight with respect to the catalyst carrier).
The total weight content, with respect to the catalyst, of the metal from groups VI B and VII B is preferably from 0.01 to 1%, more particularly from 0.1 to 0.5%, the content by weight of elements from groups III A, IV A and V A is from 0.1 to 1%, preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 %, and the content by weight of elements from group VIII, if any, is from 0.01 to 1 %, preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 %.
The dehydrogenating elements (metals from groups VI B, VII B and optionally VIII, and elements from groups III A, IV A and V A) may be deposited separately or simultaneously on the carrier by means of solutions containing the same, for example aqueous solutions of platinum, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and palladium chlorides, hexachloroplatinic and hexachloroiridic acids, hexachloroplatinates and noble hexachlorometallates, platinum and noble metal diaminodinitrites, ammonium, sodium or potassium meta- or para- tungstate, ammonium, sodium or potassium paramolybdate, perrhenic acid, ammonium, sodium or potassium perrhenate, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth nitrates, chlorides and oxalates.
After the dehydrogenating elements have been deposited on the carrier, the catalyst is then dried, roasted by heating in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature, for example from 300.degree. to 600.degree.C, then reduced in a hydrogen stream at a temperature for example from 350.degree. to 700.degree.C for 2 to 30 hours with a hydrogen hourly flow rate of about 100 to 1000 times the catalyst volume. This last operation is preferably conducted in the dehydrogenation reactor. It is also possible to omit the roasting step and to directly carry out the reduction.
The conditions of use of these catalysts are not equivalent. When dehydrogenating straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons, in order to obtain reasonable conversion rates, the temperature will be from 300.degree. to 600.degree.C, preferably from 400.degree. to 500.degree.C, with hourly flow rates by volume of liquid saturated hydrocarbons from 0.1 to 30 times and advantageously from 2 to 10 times the catalyst volume; with absolute pressures of from 0.1 to 20 bars and preferably from 1 to 5 bars. The hydrogen partial pressure has a very significant influence on the stability of these catalysts; the molar ratio of the hydrogen to the hydrocarbons, at the reactor inlet, may be selected from 0.1 to 30, advantageously from 2 to 20 and preferably from 8 to 15. When dehydrogenating cyclic hydrocarbons, in order to obtain reasonable conversion rates, the temperature will be selected from 300.degree. to 600.degree.C, preferably from 500.degree. to 600.degree.C, with hourly flow rates by volume of liquid hydrocarbons from about 0.1 to 20 times the catalyst volume and advantageously from 2 to 10 times this volume and with absolute pressures of from 1 to 60 bars, preferably from 5 to 40 bars. The hydrogen partial pressure is very important for the stability of these catalysts, the molar ratio of the hydrogen to the hydrocarbons, at the inlet of the reactor, may be selected from 0.5 to 30 and advantageously from 2 to 10. As examples of hydrocarbons which may be subjected to dehydrogenation, there will be mentioned, in addition to the cuts containing hydrocarbon mixtures, propane, n-butane, isobutane, isopentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-dodecane, n-hexadecane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cyclopheptane, cyclooctane and methylcyclopentane. The following non limitative examples illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
A cut of C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 normal paraffins is contacted in a dehydrogenation reactor of steel having an internal diameter of 2cm and a length of 40 cm, with a catalyst A.sub.1 based on rhenium and tin deposited on gamma alumina balls. This catalyst has been prepared by impregnation of gamma alumina balls of 69 m.sup.2 /g specific surface, whose pore volume is 58 cc per 100 g (75% of this pore volume corresponding to pores having an average diameter from 100 to 500 A). The heat of neutralization by ammonia adsorption of this gamma alumina was 7 calories per gram. 100 g of this alumina balls are first impregnated with 58 cc of an aqueous solution containing 20.4 cc of a perrhenic acid solution with a 0.98 % rhenium content by weight. After impregnation and drying, 0.38 g of stannous chloride di-hydrate are added thereto, the contact being maintained for 3 hours; after 3 hours, the alumina balls have completely absorbed the solution. They are then dried in a drying oven at 100.degree.C for 6 hours, and then roasted in an air stream for 2 hours at 400.degree.C, then for 2 hours at 500.degree.C. After cooling, the catalyst is transferred into a dehydrogenation reactor where it is reduced for about 12 hours at 530.degree.C in a hydrogen stream of 50 liters/hour.
The resulting catalyst contains 0.2% by weight of rhenium and 0.2 % by weight of tin; its neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption is 7 calories per gram, its specific surface is 62 m.sup.2 /g and its pore volume 54 cc/100 g.
The C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut is passed over the catalyst at a spatial velocity of 2 liquid volumes per volume of catalyst and per hour, at a temperature of 470.degree.C, an absolute pressure of 1.5 bar, and a molar ratio of the hydrogen to the C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut equal to 10 at the inlet of the reactor; the liquid and gaseous products issued from the reactor have then been analyzed during time, by determination of the bromine number, by gas phase chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results are given in Table I hereinafter.
EXAMPLE 2
According to the technique of example, 1, 5 catalysts A-A.sub.2 - A.sub.3 - A.sub.4 and A.sub.5, whose neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption is about 7 calories per gram, having a specific surface of about 62 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of about 54 cc/100 g, have been prepared with the respective following composition by weight:
A : 0.2 % of rhenium
A.sub.2 : 0.2 % of rhenium and 0.2 % of gallium
A.sub.3 : 0.2 % of rhenium and 0.2 % of germanium
A.sub.4 : 0.2 % of rhenium and 0.2 % of indium
A.sub.5 : 0.2 % of rhenium and 0.2 % of antimony.
The example carried out in the presence of catalyst A is given only by way of comparison and forms no part of the invention.
A C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut as in example 1, is passed over this catalyst under the same operating conditions as in example 1. The results are given in table I.
Moreover, by way of comparison, the C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut of example 1 has been passed, under the same operating conditions as in this example, over a conventional catalyst B, containing alumina and 0.2 % of platinum; the catalyst B has been prepared according to a method similar to that of example 1, except that the perrhenic acid has been replaced by 58 cc of an aqueous solution containing 7.7 cc of a hexachloroplatinic acid solution containing 2.6 % by weight of platinum. The catalyst B has a specific surface of 62 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of 54 cc/100 g; its neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption is 7 calories per gram.
TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition by weight of the
% of the
liquid product feed
Catalyst iso-ole- cracked to
age fins + C.sub.1 -C.sub.5
in n- n-mono
isoparaf-
diole-
aro-
hydrocar-
Catalyst
hours
paraffins
olefins
fins fins
matics
bons
__________________________________________________________________________
4 83.3 15.7 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1
A 50 85.3 14 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1
200 86.1 13.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
400 87.1 12.5 0.1 -- 0.2 0.1
4 69.7 26.2 0.7 0.6 2.5 0.3
50 70.7 25.5 0.6 0.5 2.4 0.3
A.sub.1
200 72.2 24.3 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.3
400 73.2 23.7 0.5 0.4 2 0.2
4 65.9 28.9 0.9 0.7 3.3 0.3
50 67 28.1 0.8 0.7 3.1 0.3
A.sub.2
200 68.8 26.9 0.7 0.6 2.7 0.3
400 69.7 26.2 0.7 0.6 2.5 0.3
4 66.9 28.2 0.8 0.7 3.1 0.3
50 68 27.4 0.8 0.6 2.9 0.3
A.sub. 3
200 69.7 26.2 0.7 0.6 2.5 0.3
400 70.6 25.6 0.6 0.5 2.4 0.3
4 68.5 27 0.8 0.6 2.8 0.3
50 69.7 26.2 0.7 0.6 2.5 0.3
A.sub.4
200 71.3 25 0.6 0.5 2.3 0.3
400 72 24.5 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.3
4 73.3 23.6 0.6 0.4 1.9 0.2
50 74.1 23 0.5 0.4 1.8 0.2
A.sub.5
200 75.7 21.8 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.2
400 76.7 21 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.2
4 83.5 15.6 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1
50 90.7 9.1 0.2 -- -- --
B 200 95.7 4.2 0.1 -- -- --
400 97 3 -- -- -- --
__________________________________________________________________________
These results show the advantage of associating to rhenium a metal from
groups III B, IV B and V B: the activity and the stability of such
catalysts are better than those of the catalyst which contains only
rhenium (catalyst A) or only platinum (catalyst B).
EXAMPLE 3
According to the technique of example 1, there are prepared 9 catalysts C-C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -D-D.sub.1 -D.sub.2 -E-E.sub.1 and E.sub.2, having a neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption of about 7 calories per gram, a specific surface of about 62 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of 54 cc/100 g, and whose composition by weight is as follows:
C: 0.2 % of palladium -- 0.2 % of rhenium
C.sub.1 : 0.2 % of palladium -- 0.2% of rhenium-0.2% of germanium
C.sub.2 : 0.2 % of palladium -- 0.2% of rhenium-0.2% of tin
D: 0.2 % of platinum -- 0.2% of tungsten
D.sub.1 : 0.2 % of platinum -- 0.2% of tungsten- 0.2% of gallium
D.sub.2 : 0.2% of platinum -- 0.2% of tungsten-- 0.2% of antimony
E: 0.2% of iridium -- 0.2% of molybdenum
E.sub.1 : 0.2% of iridium--0.2% of molybdenum-- 0.2% of thallium
E.sub.2 : 0.2% of iridium -- 0.2% of molybdenum -- 0.2% of indium
The catalysts C-C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -D-D.sub.1 -D.sub.2 have been reduced at a temperature of 530.degree.C. The catalysts E-E.sub.1 and E.sub.2 at a temperature of 560.degree.C. These 9 catalysts have been used for dehydrogenating the C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut of example 1, under the operating conditions mentioned in this example.
The examples carried out in the presence of catalysts C-D and E form no part of the invention and are only given by way of comparison.
The results are given in table II.
The results obtained in this table II show at first the interest of incorporating a metal from group VIII into the catalyst containing on the one hand, a metal from group VI B or VII B and on the other hand, a metal from groups III A, IV A and V A; the catalysts C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 (table II) (containing respectively palladium, rhenium and germanium, for the first one, and palladium, rhenium and tin, for the second one), give respectively better results than the catalysts A.sub.3 and A.sub.1 (table I) containing respectively rhenium and germanium for the first one, rhenium and tin for the second one. The results obtained in this table II also show the superiority of the catalyst containing simultaneously a metal from group VIII, a metal from group VI B or VII B and a metal from groups III A, IV A or V A as compared to the catalysts containing:
either only a metal from group VIII (the results obtained, for example, with the catalysts C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -D.sub.1 -D.sub.2 -E.sub.1 and E.sub.2 may be compared to those obtained with the catalyst B of the table I),
or only a metal from group VI B or VII B (the results obtained with the catalysts C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -D.sub.1 -D.sub.2 -E.sub.1 -E.sub.2 may be compared, for example, with those obtained with the catalyst A of table I);
or a metal from group VIII and a metal from group VI B or VII B (the results obtained with the catalysts C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -D.sub.1 -D.sub.2 -E.sub.1 and E.sub.2 are to be compared for example with those obtained with the catalysts C.sub.1 - D and E.
TABLE II
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition by weight of the
% of the
liquid product charge
iso-ole- cracked
Catalyst fins + to
age n- n-mono
isoparaf-
diole-
aro-
C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 hy-
Catalyst
in hours
paraffins
olefins
fins fins
matics
drocarbons
__________________________________________________________________________
4 80 18.3 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.2
C 50 84.6 14.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1
200 88.3 11.5 0.1 -- 0.1 --
400 89.9 10 0.1 -- -- --
4 56.5 35.4 1.3 1.1 5.3 0.4
C.sub.1
50 59.6 33.2 1.2 1 4.6 0.4
200 64.6 29.8 0.9 0.8 3.5 0.4
400 66.7 28.4 0.8 0.7 3.1 0.3
4 59.9 33 1.2 1 4.5 0.4
C.sub.2
50 63.3 30.7 1 0.8 3.8 0.4
200 68.5 27 0.8 0.6 2.8 0.3
400 71.1 25.2 0.6 0.5 2.3 0.3
4 69.5 26.3 0.7 0.6 2.6 0.3
D 50 74.2 22.9 0.5 0.4 1.8 0.2
200 79.4 18.9 0.3 0.2 1 0.2
400 81.8 17 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.1
4 50.1 39.6 1.7 1.4 6.7 0.5
D.sub.1
50 53.6 37.3 1.5 1.2 5.9 0.5
200 59 33.7 1.2 1 4.7 0.4
400 60.9 32.4 1.1 0.9 4.3 0.4
4 59.6 33.2 1.2 1 4.6 0.4
D.sub.2
50 63 30.9 1 0.8 3.9 0.4
200 68.5 27 0.8 0.6 2.8 0.3
400 71.4 25 0.6 0.5 2.2 0.3
4 74.7 22.5 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.2
E 50 78.7 19.4 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.2
200 83 16 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1
400 85.6 13.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
4 66.7 27.6 0.8 0.7 2.9 0.3
E.sub.1
50 71.2 25.1 0.6 0.5 2.3 0.3
200 76.6 21.1 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.2
400 79.2 19.1 0.3 0.2 1 0.2
4 52.9 37.7 1.5 1.3 6.1 0.5
E.sub.2
50 56.8 35.2 1.3 1.1 5.2 0.4
200 62.8 31 1 0.9 3.9 0.4
400 66 28.8 0.9 0.7 3.3 0.3
__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLES 4 and 5
These examples are given only by way of comparison and form no part of the present invention.
By using the technique of example 1, a catalyst D.sub.3 is prepared, which contains 0.2% by weight of platinum, 0.2 % by weight of tungsten and 0.2 % by weight of gallium.
The carrier of this catalyst consists of eta alumina having a specific surface of 230 m.sup.2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.57 cc/g (84% of this pore volume corresponding to pores of an average diameter from 50 to 150 A). The neutralization heat of this eta alumina by adsorption of ammonia, was 15 calories per gram. This catalyst has been reduced in a hydrogen stream at a temperature of 530.degree.C. The catalyst had a neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption of 15 calories per gram, its specific surface was 215 m.sup.2 /g and its pore volume 0.55 cc/g.
By using the technique of example 1, a catalyst D.sub.4 is prepared, containing 0.2 % by weight of platinum, 0.2 % by weight of tungsten and 0.2 % by weight of gallium. The carrier of this catalyst consists of a transition alumina whose specific surface is 130 m.sup.2 /g and whose total pore volume is 0.95 cc/g. The catalyst D.sub.4 has been reduced in a hydrogen stream at a temperature of 530.degree.C. The catalyst had a neutralization heat by an ammonia adsorption of 12 calories per gram; its specific surface was 120 m.sup.2 /g and its pore volume 0.90 cc/g. A C.sub.10 -C.sub.14 cut, as in example 1, has been passed over these catalysts D.sub.3 and D.sub.4.
The operating conditions are those mentioned in example 1; the performances of these catalysts D.sub.3 and D.sub.4 as compared with those of the catalyst D.sub.1 of example 6 are shown in table III below.
TABLE III
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition by weight of the
% of the
liquid product charge
iso-ole- cracked
Catalyst fins + to
age n- n-mono
isoparaf-
diole-
aro-
C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 hy-
Catalyst
in hours
paraffins
olefins
fins fins
matics
drocarbons
__________________________________________________________________________
4 50.1 39.6 1.7 1.4 6.7 0.5
D.sub.1
50 53.6 37.3 1.5 1.2 5.9 0.5
200 59 33.7 1.2 1 4.7 0.4
400 60.9 32.4 1.1 0.9 4.3 0.4
4 31.1 41.3 4.3 3.2 19.1
1
D.sub.3
50 36.2 39.1 3.8 2.9 17.1
0.9
200 47.3 34.3 2.7 2.1 12.8
0.8
400 50.4 32.9 2.4 1.9 11.6
0.8
4 38.6 38.1 3.6 2.7 16.2
0.8
D.sub.4
50 43.7 35.9 3.1 2.4 14.2
0.7
200 54.8 31.1 2.3 1.8 9.3 0.7
400 57.9 29.7 1.9 1.6 8.3 0.6
__________________________________________________________________________
These results show the interest of proceeding according to the invention; it is necessary to make use of a carrier of low acidity having a neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption lower than 10 calories per gram, in order to avoid a substantial decrease of the selectivity.
EXAMPLE 6
This example forms no part of the invention.
By making use of the technique of example 1 and of the eta alumina carrier of example 4, there are prepared three catalysts D.sub.5 -D.sub.6 and D.sub.7 having the following composition by weight:
D.sub.5 : 0.2 % of platinum, 0.2 % of tungsten 0.2 % of gallium, 1 % of lithium
D.sub.6 : 0.2 % of platinum, 0.2 % of tungsten, 0.2 % of gallium, 1 % of sodium.
D.sub.7 : 0.2 % of platinum, 0.2 % of tungsten, 0.2 % of gallium, 1 % of potassium
The catalysts D.sub.5, D.sub.6 and D.sub.7 have a neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption of 10 calories per gram, a specific surface of about 215 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of about 0.55 cc/g.
The reduction temperature of these three catalysts was 530.degree.C. The C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut of example 1 was passed over the three catalysts D.sub.5, D.sub.6 and D.sub.7.
The operating conditions are the same as in example 1; the results are given in the following table IV.
TABLE IV
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition by weight of the
% of the
liquid product charge
iso-ole- cracked
Catalyst fins + to
age n- n-mono
isoparaf-
diole-
aro-
C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 hy-
Catalyst
in hours
paraffins
olefins
fins fins
matics
drocarbons
__________________________________________________________________________
4 41.5 40.8 2.5 2.1 12.4
0.7
D.sub.5
50 45.7 38.5 2.2 1.9 11 0.7
200 53.9 33.9 1.7 1.5 8.4 0.6
400 56.9 32.3 1.5 1.3 7.5 0.5
4 39.4 39.7 3 2.5 14.6
0.8
D.sub.6
50 44 37.5 2.6 2.2 12.9
0.8
200 53.2 32.8 1.9 1.7 9.7 0.7
400 56.6 31.1 1.7 1.5 8.5 0.6
4 38.8 39.2 3.1 2.7 15.3
0.9
D.sub.7
50 43.8 36.9 2.7 2.3 13.5
0.8
200 53.3 32.3 1.9 1.8 10 0.7
400 56.5 30.7 1.7 1.6 8.9 0.6
__________________________________________________________________________
The acidity of the acid carriers may be considerably decreased by addition of alkaline elements, thereby increasing the selectivity of the catalysts. However, the results are clearly inferior to those obtained with initially non-acid carriers, i.e., the carriers according to the invention.
EXAMPLE 7
This example relates to the dehydrogenation of a steam-cracking gasoline. The feed has the following composition by weight:
______________________________________
aromatics : 74.4 %
naphthenes : 16.6 %
paraffins : 9 %
The main features were as follows:
bromine number <0.2
maleic anhydride index
nil
potential gumms nil
ASTM distillation
initial point
52.degree.C
final point 151.degree.C
total sulfur content
2 ppm by weight
______________________________________
This feed is passed, together with hydrogen, through a reactor at an average temperature of 560.degree.C (inlet temperature of 580.degree.C and outlet temperature of 530.degree.C). As catalysts there are used the catalysts A, A.sub.1, A.sub.2 and A.sub.3 of examples 1 and 2, and a catalyst A.sub.6 containing 0.2 % of rhenium and 0.2 % of thallium, prepared according to the technique mentioned in example 1, whose neutralization by ammonia adsorption is about 7 calories per gram and having a specific surface of about 62 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of about 54 cc/100 g. The pressure is 15 bars, the hourly feeding rate by volume is two times the catalyst volume and the molecular ratio hydrogen/feed is 5.
The results are given in table V below.
TABLE V
______________________________________
Composition by weight of the product
issued from the reactor
Catalyst Aromatics Naphthenes Paraffins
______________________________________
A 86.7 1.8 11.5
A.sub.1 88.1 0.7 11.2
A.sub.2 88.5 0.2 11.3
A.sub.3 88.2 0.4 11.4
A.sub.6 88 0.9 11.1
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 8
There are prepared according to the technique of example 1, four catalysts F-F.sub.1 G-G.sub.1 whose neutralization heat by ammonia adsorption is about 7 calories per gram, having a specific surface of about 62 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of about 54 cc/100 g, and the following composition by weight:
F: 0.2 % of molybdenum
F.sub.1 : 0.2 % of molybdenum and 0.2 % of gallium
G: 0.2 % of tungsten
G.sub.1 : 0.2 % of tungsten and 0.2 % of germanium
The C.sub.10 - C.sub.14 cut of example 1 is passed over these catalysts under the same operating conditions as mentioned in said example 1. The results are given in table VI below.
TABLE VI
__________________________________________________________________________
Composition by weight of the
% of the
liquid product charge
iso-ole- cracked
Catalyst fins + to
age n- n-mono
isoparaf-
diole-
aro-
C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 hy-
Catalyst
in hours
paraffins
olefins
fins fins
matics
drocarbons
__________________________________________________________________________
4 87.1 12.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
F 50 95.5 4.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
200 98.8 1.1 0.1 -- -- --
400 99.4 0.6 -- -- -- --
4 71.5 24.9 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.2
F.sub.1
50 74.8 22.4 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.1
200 80.5 18.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.1
400 84.0 15.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1
4 85.6 14.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1
G 50 86.7 12.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
200 89.1 10.7 0.1 -- 0.1 --
400 91.8 8.2 -- -- -- --
4 68.4 27.2 0.7 0.7 2.8 0.2
G.sub.1
50 71.8 24.6 0.6 0.5 2.2 0.3
200 77.4 20.3 0.5 0.3 1.4 0.1
400 80.3 18.1 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.1
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